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Results showed that the range of inundation depth around the Tainan area is 0вЂ“8 m with a mean value of 4 m. In addition, an extreme sea level situation, which typically results from high water on a spring tide and a storm surge, was also evaluated by the joint probability method using tide gauge records. To analyze the possible static flood risk and avoid overestimation of inundation areas, a region-based image segmentation method was employed in the estimated future topographic data to generate the flood risk map. In addition, the extreme sea level situation, which typically results from high water on a spring tide and a storm surge, was also evaluated by the joint probability method using tide gauge records. In this study, a simulation of the static flooding situation in the southwest coast of Taiwan (Tainan city) at the end of this century was conducted by using a combination of the Taiwan Digital Elevation Model (DEM), regional sea level changes reconstructed by tide gauge and altimetry data, vertical land deformation derived from leveling and GPS data, and ocean tide models. Therefore, assessing potential flooding areas is a critical task for coastal management plans. Regional sea level rise, highest astronomic tide, vertical land motions, and extreme sea level could result in episodic, recurrent, or permanent coastal inundation. Seawater inundation, one of the most serious disasters, could damage human property and life. The Pacific island countries are particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming including more frequent and intense natural disasters. The results clearly emphasized how the lack of appropriate land management and planning leads to increase the maximum flow discharge and sediment yield of the watershed. In addition, the amount of production of erosion material (gross erosion) in the watershed increased from 1,918,186 to 2,183,558 m 3 yr в€’1, and the real soil losses per year (sediment yield) of the watershed increased from 440,482.4 to 501,421.3 m 3 yr в€’1.

It can be concluded that the probability of larger and/or more frequent floods waves in the Talar River is expected to increase. The estimated outflow with 100 year return interval was 432.14 m 3 s в€’1 in 1991, which increased to 446.91 m 3 s в€’1 in 2014. The results indicates that, within the period of 1991вЂ“2014, the forest area decreased by 12,478.04 ha (6%), while the other land uses including rainfed agriculture, rangeland, irrigated agriculture, and residential area increased by 7248.25, 4481.05, 476.00, and 273.95 ha, respectively. The climatology data including average annual precipitation and air temperature as well as the volume of torrential rain were extracted from the data of meteorological stations located inside and around the study watershed. The GIS environment was used to prepare the required maps including Digital Elevation Model (DEM), geology, land use, soil, and drainage network. The study has been conducted under land use changes within the period of 1991вЂ“2014 in the Talar watershed located in northern Iran. The objective of the article is to study on how land use change impacts on soil erosion by using Intensity of Erosion and Outflow (IntErO) as a process-oriented soil erosion model. Land use change is known as one of the main influencing factors on soil erosion and sediment production processes.

IDA PRO 6.9 LEAK PDF

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They successfully identified the bottle caps as the main source of microplastics in mineral water. (2021) followed mineral water on its way from a ground water well into glass bottles and determined microplastic concentrations (в‰Ґ11 Вµm) at each step of the bottling process using FTIR imaging and a Random Decision Forest Model. Thus, mitigation of microplastic entry into food and beverages is seen as a key step to minimizing the ingestion of microplastics by humans. The presence of microplastics in food and beverages raises concern with regard to the potential health impacts.

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